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Paris: the Trojan prince and son of Priam whose choice of Venus and eloping with Helen set Juno against Troy and caused the Trojan War. He avenged his brother Hector’s death by killing Achilles. Ganymede: son of Laomedon, a former king of Troy; he was carried off by Zeus and made cupbearer to the gods, another strike against Troy for jealous Juno. Achilles: the foremost Greek hero in the Trojan War. He mercilessly killed hundreds, including the Trojan Prince Hector, but ultimately was defeated. As the protagonist of the Iliad, he represents the classic hero of the Homeric epic: selfish, powerful, and glorious. Ajax son of Oileus: a Greek warrior in the Trojan War whose rape of Cassandra and desecration of Athena’s temple caused Athena to sink the Greek fleet. He met his end at Hector’s sword. Aeneas: the son of Venus who led forth the surviving Trojans after the war and eventually founded the new kingdom of Rome on the shores of Italy. He is the hero of Vergil’s Aeneid, and as such, is portrayed as both a fearless leader and an ordinary man. Sarpedon: a Trojan ally who was killed by Patroclus. Patroclus: Achilles’s friend (he’s a friend; he’s a boy; but is he a boyfriend?) who was killed by Hector while wearing Achilles’s armor. His death enraged Achilles to hunt down and destroy Hector. Orontes, Iliones, Abas, and Aletes: a few of Aeneas’s Trojan comrades whose vessels were destroyed by Aeolus’s storm and presently sank into the Mediterranean. Achates: Aeneas’s best friend and right-hand man, who accompanied him everywhere, even into Carthage amidst Venus’s inclosing shroud of mist. He and Aeneas may have had a relationship similar to Patroclus and Achilles’s; after all, who knows what happens behind closed clouds? Antheus, Caicus, Capys, Amycus, Cloanthus, Gyas, and Lycas: some of Aeneas’s comrades who were lost at sea. Teucer: an early Trojan king; (plural) name for the Trojans Antenor: Trojan leader in the war who fled to northern Italy and was allowed to retire there without difficulty, unlike our hero. Ilus/Iulus Ascanius: son of Aeneas by Creusa; supposed ancestor of the Julii. Anchises: Aeneas’s crippled father, who accompanied Aeneas on his many adventures. He lost the use of his legs after he boasted about shagging Venus. But hey, who can blame him? She was a babe. Hector: the last great prince of Troy, who was an excellent warrior and leader. He fearlessly led the Trojans into battle numerous times during the war, until his untimely death by Achilles as vengeance for murdering Patroclus. Creusa: Aeneas’s Trojan wife and mother of Ascanius Agamemnon: the Greek general and king who led the Greek army in the Trojan War. He did so in defense of the honor of his brother, Menalaus, whose beloved wife, Helen, was kidnapped by paramour Paris. Tydides/Diomedes: powerful Greek warrior ,son of the famed Tydeus, who defeated Aeneas in the Trojan War by throwing a big a** rock at him and busting his hip. He even stabbed Venus in the hand as she tried to rescue him, so that Aeneas had to be saved by Apollo. Dido: Queen of Carthage who fled Tyre, taking her brother’s riches with her, and founded a new kingdom on the shores of North Africa, and the dish ran away with the spoon. She and Aeneas had a love affair, but he “jilted” her, if you will (e.g., dumped her a**… think Miss Havisham from Great Expectations), a harbinger of the Punic Wars to come. She was a babe too. Harpalyce: a Thracian princess and huntress whom Venus resembled when she encountered Aeneas and Achates in the woods. Sychaeus: Dido’s opulent former husband, whom Pygmalion offed “sub rosa.” Belus: Dido’s father, who married her to Sychaeus Pymalion: Dido’s wicked and corrupt brother, the former king of Tyre, who murdered Sychaeus for his wealth Agenor: the king of Phoenicia Aeneas & Dido: parallel to Caesar and Cleopatra; also, a famous opera by Purcell Menelaus: brother of Agamemnon and husband of Helen who led one of the Greek factions in the Trojan War. He defeated Paris in combat, which should have ended the war, but Venus saved the wuss, of course. Priam: last king of Troy, father of Paris and Hector (and lots more, thanks to his promiscuous activities) Rhesus: a Thracian prince and Trojan ally who was cruelly killed by Diomedes on his first night of the war. It was foretold that if his horses were allowed to drink from a certain spring, the Greeks could not win the war. Thus, they murdered him and drove off his horses from the fateful spring, effectively shirking the prophecy. “Those bast***s, they killed Kenny!” Troilus: the youngest son of Priam, who was cruelly killed by Achilles. Another prophecy foretold that if he lived to be twenty, the Greeks would lose, so of course, dumb old Achilles had to bust in and ruin everything. Aw shucks. -Book I by an actor and a hobbit BOOK 2 Ulixes, is (m) II-7 – Ulysses, a wily Greek leader; subject of the Odyssey; helps with the plot of the Trojan horse; hated by the Trojans Thymoetes, ae (m) II-32 - a Trojan leader who urged them to bring in the horse because it was a gift Capys, yos (m) II-35 - a Trojan leader who said they should check the Trojan horse out and see what was in it Laocoon, ontis (m) II-41 – Trojan priest of Neptune who had possibly formerly been a priest of Apollo and made love in his temple; formerly been another priest of Neptune named Laocoon and this fact angered Neptune; was against bringing the Trojan horse into the city, threw a spear at it, and was killed by serpents along with his twin sons Cassandra, ae (f) II-246 – Trojan prophetess, cursed by Apollo for she turned him down, to never be believed in prophecy Sinon, onis (m) II-259 – Greek who tells a story of enmity between him and Ulysses that he would have been sacrificed and that Minerva was angry over the theft of her palladium and that the Greeks had to leave and that the size of the horse is to keep it out of Troy; convinces the Trojans to take the horse within their walls; opens the horse to let out the Greeks Thessandrus,
I (m) ; Sthenelus, I (m) ; Acamas, antis (m) ; Thoas, antis (m) ; Machaon, onis (m) II-261 – Greek captains inside the horse Neoptolemus, I (m) II-263 – (Pyrrhus, Pelides) son of Achilles; also in the Trojan horse; killed Priam and Polites; took Helenus and Andromache as slaves Epeos, I (m) II-264 – Greek leader in the horse who with the help of Minerva made the horse Automedon, ontis (m) II-477 – Greek leader who drove the chariot of Achilles; hurled flames at the roof of Priam’s house Periphas, antis (m) II-476 – Greek who hurled flames at the roof of Priam’s house Hecuba, ae (f) II-501 – wife of Priam; mother of Hector and Creusa Polites, ae (m) II-526 – one of the youngest sons of Priam who was slain by Neoptolemus Creusa, ae (f) II-562 – wife of Aeneas who was killed during Aeneas’ escape; appeared to him as a ghost to urge him to leave Troy and forget her Phoenix, icis (m) II-762 – a Greek chosen to guard booties Speeches II - 3-804 Aeneas’ speech to Dido telling her the fall of Troy II - 42-49 Laocoon urges the Trojans not to take in the horse II – 281-286 Aeneas asks Hector why he’s still here II – 289-295 Hector tells Aeneas to take his family and household gods to leave Troy for all was lost; relates to the central themes of the Aeneid: household gods, walls, fate, statues, and fatherland; tells Aeneas he will establish a city II – 519-524 Hecuba asks Priam what he’s doing putting on weapons, telling him that he cannot fight and that the altars will protect them or they will die together II – 535-543 Priam tells Pyrrhus that he’s a disgrace, that the gods will pay him for his deeds and that Achilles was not such in relations with himself, berating Pyrrhus for his killing of Polites II – 547-550 Pyrrhus tells Priam to tell Achilles of his evil deeds and to die II – 776-789 Creusa tells Aeneas it was not meant for her to go with him; Aeneas will endure a long journey and arrive at Italian land and receive a regal wife; to keep their communal love for their son and not to be sad for her BOOK IV CHARACTERS Anna, line 9: sister of Dido; she speaks to Dido and
urges on her sister’s false hope in her love for Aeneas Iarbas, line 36: African chieftain, one of Dido’s suitors; he is despised (“despectus Iarbas”); he is begotten to Hammon Ascanius, line 84:
son of Aeneas; he has now been brought back, Cupid no longer
substituting for him Iulus, line 140: another name for Ascanius, son of
Aeneas Paris, line 215: Trojan prince, eloped with Helen and
thus caused the Trojan war; used here by Iarbas as an epithet for Aeneas
to depict his effeminate characteristics Mnestheus, Sergestus, and Serestus, line 288: Trojan
leaders; called on by Aeneas to equip the fleet, compel the comrades to
the shores, prepare arms, and conceal a reason for these things Elissa, line 335: another name for Dido BOOK IV CHARACTERS’ SPEECHES Lines 9-29
Lines 31-53
Lines 206-218
Lines 265 -276
Lines 305-330
Lines 333-361
Lines 365-387
Lines 416-436
Lines 651-662
Lines 675-685
National/Ancestral Names Book 1 TROJAE line 1, p15 – Troy, city I Asia Minor destroyed by the Greeks, Aeneas’s home city ITALIA line 2, p15 – Italy, Aeneas’s destined settlement LAVINIUM line 2, p15 – Lavinium, an ancient city on the western coast of Italy, near Rome, reputed as the first settlement of the Trojans in Italy, named after the Italian princess wed to Aeneas LATIUM line 2, p16 – district of central Italy around Rome ALBA LONGA line 7 p16 – a city of ancient Latium in central Italy about 19 km (12 miles) southeast of Rome. It was founded in the 12th century B.C. In Roman legend, Alba Longa was founded by Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, and was later the birthplace of Romulus and Remus. Ascanius was also known as Iulus; the Julian family, ancestors of Julius Caesar, claimed descent from Iulus. TYRII, line 12, p.16- Tyre, a city of Phoenicia whence Carthage was said to have been settled. The Phoenicians were the great traders of their time and Carthage on the northern shore of Africa midway on the Mediterranean Sea occupied a strategic position for controlling commerce of these regions. KARTHAGO, line 14, p.17- Carthage, great commercial city in Northern Africa, rival of Rome. TIBERINA, line 14, p. 17- An Italian River on which Rome is situated. SAMO, line 16, p.17- Samos is an island of the Aegean and is the center of the worship of Juno. Juno loved Samos, according to the myth, the goddess had been reared in Samos and had married Jupiter there and one of her most famous temples was located there. LIBYAE, line 20, p.17- Region of North Africa SICULAE - line 34, p. 19- Sicilian, Of Sicily, a large island south of Italy. Aeneas and the Trojans set sail from Sicily for Italy as they hoped, happy at the prospect of the end of their wanderings and bitter soliloquy of the appointment of Juno, who chafes failure of her plans to keep Aeneas and the Trojans from reaching Italy. TEUCRORUM, line 38, p.20- Teucri, the Trojans are referred to as the Teucri, a name derived from Teucer, one of the founders of the Trojan race. ARGIVUS, line 40, p.20- Argive, Greek AJACIS OILEI, line 41, p.20- a whole fleet was destroyed on account of this one man, Ajax son of Oileus. Ajax had desecrated the temple of Minerva during the sacking of Troy when before the very altar of the sanctuary he had seized Cassandra, daughter of Priam and priestess Minerva. Enraged at such rash irrecerence, Minerva sank the ship of Ajax and destroyed him with lightning. This Ajax was less renowned than Ajax, son of Telamon. ARGI line 24, p18 – Argos, city in Greece, center of worship of Juno; In Homeric times it belonged to a follower of Agamemnon and gave its name to the surrounding district— the Argolid— which the Romans knew as Argeia. GANYMEDE line 28, p18 – king of Troy, abducted for the sake of his beauty, and taken to heaven to be the gods' cupbearer instead of Juno’s daughter, ganuesthai + medea, "rejoicing in virility." TROS line 30, p16 – In Greek mythology, King Tros of Dardania (1375 BC - 1328 BC), son of Erichthonius from whom he inherited the throne and the father of three named sons: Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede. He is the eponym of Troy, also named Ilion for his son Ilus. DANAUS line 30, p16 – Danaan, Greek; In Homer's Iliad, "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and "Argives" commonly designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans. AEOLIA line 52, p21 – Aeolia, one of the Liparian Islands near Sicily, home of ruler of the winds TYRRHENUS line 76, p22 – Tyrrhenian, of Etruria, district of NW Italy; In Etruscan mythology, Tarchon and his brother, Tyrrhenus were culture heroes who founded the Etruscan Federation of twelve cities. EURUS, line 85, p.24- East Wind NETUS, line 85, p.24- South Wind AFRICUS, line 85, p.24- Southwest Wind TYDIDE, line 97, p.25- Tydides, Son of Tydeus. Diomedes, who fought against Aeneas in combat before Troy and would have killed him had not Venus spirited her son away. AEACIDES, line 99, p.26- descendant of Aeaceus, Achilles, Greek chieftain. HECTOR, line 99, p.26- leader of the Trojans AQUILONE, line 102, p.26- North Wind ARAS, line 109, p.27- Arae, the Altars, a ledge of rocks between Sicily and Africa LYCIAS, line 113, p.27- Lycian, of Lycia, a country of Asia Minor. ORONTEM, line 113, p.27- Orantes, comrade of Aeneas ILIONEI, line 120, p.28- Trojan leader. ACHATAE, line 120, p.28- Achates, faithful comrade of Aeneas ABAS, line 121, p.28- Trojan leader ALETES, line 121, p.28- Trojan leader TROES line 172 p.32- Trojan CEREALIQUE line 177, p.32- of Ceres, goddess of grain ANTHEA line 181 p.33- comrade of Aeneas PHRYGIASQUE line 182 p.33- Phrygius, Trojan CAPYN line 183 p.33- Capys, comrade of Aeneas CAICI line 182, p.33- Caicus, comrade of Aeneas ACESTES line 195, p34 – Acestes, In Roman mythology, Acestes ("pleasing goat") was son the river Crinisus by a Dardanian woman. Acestes became king of the region where he was born and welcomed Aeneas when he arrived in Sicily. There were held the funeral games of Aeneas' father Anchises. Those of Aeneas' folk who wished to voyage no further were allowed to remain behind with Acestes and together with Acestes' people they founded the city of Acesta, that is Segesta. TRINACRIUS line 196, p34 – Trinacrian, Sicilian ORONTES, AMYCUS, GYAS, LYCUS, CLOANTHUS line 220-2, p36 – Aeneas’s lost comrades ROMANOS line 234 p.37- Romanus, Roman ANTENOR line 242 p.38- Trojan leader who fled after the fall of Troy and settled in northern Italy at Patavium modern Padua. ACHIUS line 242 p. 38- Achaean, Greek ILLYRICOS line 243 p.38- Liburnians, Illyrians (Liburni) TROIA line 249 p.39- Trojan ITALIS line 252 p 39- Italus, Italian CYTHEREA line 257 p.39- Venus, goddess of Cytherea, a Greek island where Venus was born from the foam of the sea LAVINI line 258 p. 40- Lavinum, city in central Italy Aeneas founded it RUTULUS line 266, p40 – Rutulian, a tribe of central Itlay ASCANIUS line 267, p40 – In Greek and Roman mythology, Ascanius was a son of Aeneas and Creusa. After the Trojan War, Aeneas escaped to Latium in Italy with his father and fought in the Italian Wars. Virgil's Aeneid says he had a role in the founding of Rome as the first king of Alba Longa. He was also called Iulus or Julus. From this name comes the Gens Julia, the Julian family to which Julius Caesar belonged. ILLUS line 268, p40 – Ascanius’s family name à ‘turns into’ Iulus, making a connection with Caesar HECTOREUS line 273, p41 – In Greek mythology, Hector ("holding fast"), or Hektor, was a Trojan prince and the second greatest fighter in the Trojan War after Achilles. Hector provides a stark contrast for Achilles, who was from first to last a man of war. Hector was fighting, not for personal glory, but in defense of his homeland. His words, "Fight for your country - that is the first and only omen" became a proverb to patriotic Greeks. In the final sack of Troy, as described in Book II of the Aeneid, his father and many of his brothers are killed, his son is hurled from the walls in fear that he would avenge Hector, and his wife is carried off by Neoptolemus. ROMULUS line 276, p41 - Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome in Roman mythology, were the supposed sons of the god Mars and the priestess Rhea Silvia. Romulus is considered the first King of Rome. ROMANOS line 282 p. 42- Roman (Romanus) ASSARACI line 284, p.42- Assaracus, early king of Troy; domus Assarcaci- the house of Assaracus, a Trojan prince; the Romans descendants of Trojans shall some day conquer and rule Greece. Greece was reduced to a Roman Province in 146 b.c. CAESAR line 286 p.42- 1) Julius Caesar 2) Augustus Caesar; Trojanus Caesar: Augustus Caesar who traced his ancestry back to Aeneas JULIUS line 288 p.42- 1) Julius Caesar 2) Augustus Caesar; in apposition to “Caesar”; referring to Augustus Caesar who as the adopted son of Julius Caesar took his name. The name Julius was fancifully derived from Iulus and the latter from Illus, thus connecting the word with Iulus, one of early kings of Ilium (Troy). ORIENTIS line 289 p.43- Orient, the East; refers to Augustus’s conquests in the Orient esp to his recovery from the Parthians of the Roman standards they had captured from Crassus in 53 BC and to his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC. FIDES line 292 p.43- Faith, Honor; one of the earliest shrines at Rome was dedicated to goddess Fides. This line is usually interpreted symbolically. The Fides and Vesta represent honor and sanctity of he old Roman home, while the reconciliation of Romulus and Remus, once estranged, symbolizes the reconciliation of 2 chief parties of Rome long engaged in deadly civl war. QUIRINUS line 292 p.43- Romulus, legendary founder of Rome REMO line 292 p.43- Remus, twin brother of Romulus BELLI line 294 p.43- referring to temple of Janus, the doors of which were opened in the time of war and closed in peace. Augustus closed temple in 29 BC after it had remained open continuously for more than 2 centuries. It had been open only twice before since the fonndation of Rome. FUROR line 294 p.43- Madness, Rage, Frenzy DIDO line 299, p44 - In Greek and Roman sources Elissa or Dido appears as the founder and first Queen of Carthage in Tunisia. She is best known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid. That the city is named Qart-hadasht 'New City' at least indicates it was a colony. (There is another Qart-hadasht in Cyprus). The name Elissa is probably a Greek rendering of Phoenician Elishat. LIBYA line 301, p44 – district of North Africa POENI line 302, p44 – Phoenicians, Carthaginians SPARTANUS line 316, p45 – Spartan, Sparta was an ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia, and the most powerful state of the Peloponnesus. THREISSA line 316, p45 – Thracian, The Thracians were an Indo-European tribe, inhabitants of Thrace, a region to the north of ancient Greece HARPALYCE line 317, p45 - A Thracian princes who was raised by her father, King Harpalycus, as an amazon. She excelled especially in sprinting and running. After her death, she was venerated as a divine being. TYRIIS line 338 p. 47- Tyrian, Carthaginian; Carthage was settled from Tyre. PUNICA line 338 p.47- Punicus, Phoenician, Punic, Carthaginian AGENORIS line 338 p.47- Agenor, king of Phoenicia; as a Phoenician settlement, Carthage could be called city of Agenor, founder of Phoenician race. SYCHAEUS line 343 p.47- deceased husband of Dido PHOENICUM line 344 p.48- Phoenician PYGMALION line 347 p.48- wicked brother of Dido; Strongly portrayed here as wicked and as having no regard for all human or divine considerations. BYRSA line 367, p49 – citadel of Carthage, Greek for “bull’s hide” because the natives of North Africa promised to sell however much land Dido could cover with a bull’s hide OLYMPO line 374 p.50- Olympus, Greek mountain, home of gods, heaven; when Phoebus (sun-god) returned at the end of the day, the doors of Heaven were closed for the night. PHRYGIUM line 381 p.50- Phrygian, Trojan EUROQUE line 383 p.51- East wind, Eurus EUROPA line 385 p.51- Europe, = Italy in this instance (compare Asia = Troy) ASIA line 385 p.51- Asia Minor AQUILONIBUS line 391 p.51- North wind (Aquilo) PAPHUS (PAPHOS) line 415, p53 - Paphos is a coastal town in the southwest of Cyprus. Paphos is the mythical birthplace of Aphrodite/Venus, the Greek goddess of love, sex, and beauty. In Greco-Roman times, it was the island's capital SABAEUS line 416, p53 – Sabaean, in southern Arabia, famous for its incense POENI line 442 p.55- Phoenician, Carthaginian SIDONIA line 446 p.56- Sidonian, Phoenician; Tyre or Sidon, each a famous Phoenician city, came to be synonymous with Phoenicia. ILIACUS line 466 p.56- Ilian, Trojan PERGAMA line 466 p.56- (citadel of) Troy GRAJI line 467 p.56- Greek PHRYGES line 468 p.57- Phrygian, Trojan ILIADES line 480 p.58- Trojan women AMAZONIDUM line 490 p.59- Amazon, female warrior DARDANIO line 494 p.59- Dardanian, Trojan’ used here to indicate why these scenes had so much meaning for Aeneas. Vergil,
Aeneid Book II National
& Ancestral Names TROJANAS line
4; from Trojanus,-a,-um; Trojan, of Troy; descriptive of Aeneas and his
people DANAI line
5, 14, 36, 44, 49, 258, 276, 495, 505, 757, 802; from Danaus,-a,-um;
Danaan, Greek; descriptive of those fighting against the Trojans in the
Trojan War MYRMIDONUM line 7, 252, 785; from Myrmidones,-um, m.; Greeks of Thessaly, subjects
of Achilles; fighting on the Greek side in the Trojan War DOLOPUMVE line
7, 29, 785; from Dolopes,-um, m.; Greeks of Thessaly, allies of Greeks in
the Trojan War ULIXI line
7, 44, 261, 762; from Ulixes,-is, m.; Ulysses, a wily leader of the Greeks
in cunning, craft, and treachery; often used by Vergil to speak of his
soldiers, Greeks; Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey, but in this story he
helps bring about the fall of Troy TROJAE line
12, 34, 56, 290, 293, 555, 751, 763; from Troja,-ae, f.; Troy; city
destroyed by the Greeks; Aeneas’ former home TENEDOS line
21, 203, 255; from Tenedos,-i, f.; a small island near Troy; an island
located south of Troy; the place where the Greek fleet hides when the
Trojan horse is left outside the gates of Troy; the place from which the
two snakes that kill Laocoon and his sons come from; also the place from
which the Greek phalanx comes from MYCENAS line
25; from Mycenae,-arum, f.; Greek city; Greece; Mycenas = Graeciam =
Greece; used by Aeneas in his story when saying that the Trojans thought
the Greeks had departed to seek Mycenae
TEUCRIA line
26; from Teucria,-ae, f.; Troy, Troyland DORICA line
27; from Doricus,-a,-um; Doric, Spartan, Greek; used by Aeneas when the
Trojans were celebrating the deserted Greek camps ACHIVI line
45; from Achivus,-a,-um; Achaean, Greek; used by Laocoon when speculating
about concealed Greeks within the wooden structure TEUCRI line
48, 247, 252, 281, 747; from Teucrus,-a,-um; Teucrian, Trojan; derived
from Teucer, a founder of the Trojan race; [48] this is from Laocoon’s
oft quoted, “Trojans, do not trust in the horse.” ARGOLICAS line
55; from Argolicus,-a,-um; Argive, Greek; used when considering what could
have possibly happened had the Greek hiding place been discovered ILIUM line
241; from Illium,-i, n.; Ilium, Troy; used in an address to Troy: “O
country, O Ilium…” DARDANIDUM line
242; from Dardanides,-ae, m.; Dardanian, Trojan, of Troy OCEANO line
250; from Oceanus,-i, m.; ocean ARGIVA line
254; from Argivus,-a,-um; Argive, Greek; used to describe the Greek
phalanx that went from Tenedos with equipped ships PELIDES line
263; from Pelides,-ae, m.; descendant of Peleus; used here to describe
Neoptolemus, son of Achilles PHRYGIOS line
276; from Phrygius,-a,-um; Phrygian, Trojan; this is used to refer to the
battle around the Greek ships, when the Trojans under Hector almost
captured the Greek camp and set fire to several of the ships DARDANIAE line
281; from Dardania,-ae, f.; city of Dardanus, Troy, general name for Troy
and the area around Troy; used by Aeneas when mourning over Hector: “O
light of Troy, O most trustworthy hope of the Trojans…” PERGAMA line
290, 556; from Pergama,-orum, n.; citadel of Troy SCYRIA line
477; from Scyrius,-a,-um; Scyrian, of Scyros, Greek, an island of the
Aegean where Neoptolemus was born; used to describe the Scyrian youth who
toss flames toward the tops of houses HECTOREUM line
543; from Hectoreus,-a,-um; of Hector, Trojan leader, son of Priam; used
to refer to the “lifeless corpse of Hector” ASIA line
557; from Asia,-ae, f.; Asia Minor; Priam once a ruler of this area OLYMPI line
779; from Olympus,-i, m.; a Greek mountain, home of the gods, heaven HESPERIAM line
781; from Hesperius,-a,-um; Hesperian, western, Italian; Aeneas’ fata
as revealed by Creusa LYDIUS line
781; from Lydius,-a,-um; Lydian, of Lydia, a country of Asia Minor,
earlier home of the Etruscans who settled in Italy and probably founded
Rome; used to describe the Tiber: “where Lydian Tiber flows…” THYBRIS line
782; from Thybris,-is, m.; Tiber, a river of Italy; named after King
Thybris of the ancient Italians GRAJIS line
786; from Grajus,-a,-um; Greek; used by Creusa when saying that she will
not ever become a slave for Greek mothers DARDANIS line
787; from Dardanis,-idis, f; Trojan women LUCIFER line
801; from Lucifer,-eri, m.; morning star, light-bringer IDAE line 801; from Ida,-ae, f.; Mt. Ida, mountain near Troy Ancestral Names List, Book IV, by Greg and Tom Africus, a, um- IV, ln. 37- African, of Africa Barcaei, orum (m)- IV, ln. 43- tribe of North Africa, Hannibal’s tribe Gaetulus, a, um- IV, ln. 40- of the Gaetuli, a tribe of North Africa surrounding Carthage; a tribe hostile to Carthage Numidae, arum (m)- IV, ln. 41- tribe of North Africa, Hannibal’s cavalry from here; a tribe hostile to Carthage Syrtis, is (f)- IV, ln. 41- region of quicksand on the northern coast of Africa; a tribe hostile to Carthage Punicus, a, um- IV, ln. 49 –Punic, Carthaginian Cresius, a, um- IV, ln. 70- of Crete, Cretan Dictaeus, a, um- IV, ln. 73- of Dicte, a mountain in Crete; Cretan Sidonius, a, um- IV, ln. 75, 137, 683- of Sidon, a famous city of Phoenicia; a reference to Dido’s ancestry Libycus, a, um- IV, ln. 106, 271, 320, 348- of Libya, a country of North Africa Massylus, a, um- IV, ln. 132- of the Massyli, a people of North Africa Poenus, i (m)- IV, ln. 134- Carthaginian, Phoenician Cretes, ium (m)- IV, ln. 146- Cretans, inhabitants of Crete Cynthus, i (m)- IV, ln. 147- mountain of Delos Delos, i (f)- IV, ln. 144- island of the Aegean, birthplace of Apollo Xanthus, i (m)- IV, ln. 143- river near Troy; Vergil refers to Troy as the place where the Xanthus flows Garamantis, idis- IV, ln. 198- of the Garamantes, an African tribe; King Iarbas’ mother is a nymph from the Garamantes Maeonius, a, um- IV, ln. 216- Maeonian, Lydian, Asiatic; reference to Asia Minor Maurusius, a, um- IV, ln. 206- Moorish; the people of King Iarbas Ausonius, a, um- IV, ln. 236, 349- Ausonian, Italian Cithaeron, onis (m)- IV, ln. 303- Greek mountain near Thebes, on which the rights of Bacchus were celebrated Thyias, adis (f)- IV, ln. 302- Bacchante, a woman devotee of the worship of Bacchus Nomas, adis (m)- IV, ln. 320- tribe of North Africa; a tribe hostile to Carthage Gryneus, a, um- IV, ln. 345- of Grynium, a town in Asia Minor, with an oracle of Apollo Phoenissa, ae (f)- IV, ln. 348- Phoenician woman, Dido Caucasus, i (m)- IV, ln. 367- rugged mountain range between Europe and Asia; Dido refers Caucasus as Aeneas’ birthplace to describe his “foreign” attitude Hyrcanus, a, um- IV, ln. 367- Hyrcanian, of Hyrcania, a wild district on the Caspian Sea; Dido says that Aeneas’ was fed by Hyrcanian tigers instead of Lavinian wolves Aulis, idis (f)- IV, ln. 426- port in eastern Greece whence the Greek fleet set sail to attack Troy Orcus, i (m)- IV, ln. 699- the lower world, Hades Stygius, a, um- IV, ln. 699- Stygian, of the Styx, a river in Hades
Gods, Goddesses, and Speeches book I Musa- p. 16, I. line 8- Muse, goddess of the liberal arts Juno- p. 7,17 I. line 15- wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods, presided of the rights of marriage Samos- p. 17 I. line 16- Island of the Aegean, center of the worship of Juno Argos- p. 18 I. line 24- a city in Greece center of the worship of Juno Parcae - p. 19 I. line 22- The Fates, presided over human destinies Saturnia- p. 18 I. line 23- Juno, daughter of Saturn, father of the gods Pallas- p.20, 58 I. line 39, 479 - Minerva (Athenia), goddess of wisdom and the arts Juno speech 1- I. lines 37 – 49- talks about how Minerva was allowed to seek revenge on Ajax but she isn’t suppose to harm the Trojans Aeolus- p.21, 22, 24, 29, I. lines 52, 65, 76, 141- god of the winds Auster- p.21- south wind Juno speech 2 - lines 65-75- asking Aeolus to set forth the winds against the Trojans Deiopea- p. 23 I. line 72- most beautiful nymph of Juno who was promised to Aeolus as a gift for helping Juno Eurus- p.24, 27, 29, 51 I. lines 85, 110, 131, 383- east wind Notus- p. 24, 26 I. lines 85, 108- south wind Africus- p. 25, I. line 86- southwest wind Aquilo- p. 26, 51 I. lines 102, 391 - north wind Neptune- p. 28 I. line 125- god of the sea Zephyrus- p. 29 I. line 131- west wind Neptune speech- I. lines 132- 141- tells winds to go back to Aeolus, that he is their true master, and that they will have to answer to him later Cymothoe- p. 30 I. line 144 - sea nymph Triton- p. 30 I. line 133- a minor sea-god Cyclopius- p. 34 I. line 201- Cyclopean, of the Cyclopes, huge one- eyed giants of Sicily Scyllaeus- p. 34 I. line 200- a ravenous sea-monster, part women and part fish, girdled with fierce dogs and destructive to mariners who attempted to sail past her cave situated on a narrow straight opposite the great whirlpool Charybdis Bacchus- p. 36 I. line 215- god of wine Jupiter- p. 37 I. line 223 - ruler of the gods Venus- p. 37, 46, 47, 51, 53 I. line 229, 325, 335, 386, 411 - goddess of love and beauty Venus’ s plea to Jupiter- I. lines 229- 253- Venus asks Jupiter whether he has changed his mind about Aeneas’ fate and the fate of the Trojan race and asks for reassurance that he will fulfill his promises that the Trojans will found a new nation and that Aeneas will be held in high regard by the gods Cytherea- p. 39 I. line 257- Venus, goddess of Cytherea, a Greek island where Venus was born from the foam of the sea Jupiter’s reassurance- I. lines 257- 296- Jupiter reassures Venus that he is unwavering in his intentions and he talks about Ascanius and the journey of the Trojans Mars- p. 41 I. line 274- god of war, father of Romulus and Remus by Rhea Silvia, a Vestal virgin Mavortius- p. 41 I. line 276- Martian, of Mars, god of war Fides- p. 43 I. line 292- Faith, Honor Furor- p. 43 I. line 294- Madness, Rage, Frenzy Vesta- p. 43 I. line 292- goddess of the hearth Maja- p. 44 I. line 297- daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury, messenger of the gods Venus meets Aeneas and Achates in the woods- I. lines 321- 401- Venus tells Aeneas and Achates about where they are and about Dido’s history. Then when she leaves she covers them in a mist so that people will not see them and ask questions. Phoebus- p. 46 I. line 329- Apollo, god of light, music, and prophecy, brother of Diana, goddess of the chase Olympus- p. 50 I. line 374- Greek mountain, home of the gods, heaven Vesper- p. 50 I. line 374- god of the evening star Paphus- p. 53 I. line 415- city of Cyprus, famous center of the worship of Venus Cynthus- p. 60 I. line 498- Mountain in Delos, birthplace of Apollo and Diana Diana- p. 60 I. line 499- goddess of the hunt and of the mountains Eurotas- p. 60 I. line 498- river of Sparta, center of the worship of Diana Latona- p. 60 I. line 502- mother of Apollo and Diana Oreas- p. 60 I. line 500- Oread, a mountain nymph Speeches I, ll.94 - 101: Aeneas is nearly killed in the sea and, sensing an imminent demise, asks why he couldn’t have perished honorably at Troy with his friends and brethren, rather than alone and defeated at sea. This is his first speech in the Aeneid, and it immediately identifies him as a real person with emotions and fears like any other man. I, ll. 198 - 207: “O socii…” –Aeneas reminds his comrades of everything they have already endured and encourages them to not lose hope, for destiny is on their side: “forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit” (l. 203). This speech contrasts with his first, showing him rather as an unwavering, faultless commander. I, ll. 372 - 385: “O dea…” –Aeneas introduces himself to his disguised mother and briefly recounts his journeys to her and his goal of reaching Italy I, ll. 407 - 409: As his mother departs, Aeneas discovers her true identity and chastises her, asking why she must always be so deceitful and conniving. I, ll. 437: “O fortunati…” –Aeneas briefly praises the Carthaginians and their glorious city, a reminder of his own kingdom to come. I, ll. 459 - 463: Aeneas tells Achates to dismiss his fears, because the Carthaginians are obviously a people who understand the Trojans and all they have suffered, as demonstrated by their mural of the Trojan War. Gods and Goddesses list for Book II. We could only find one addition for the sections that we translated. This addition would read as such: Ceres- p. 137 II, line 742 - the Earth goddess, goddess of corn and grain The rest of the gods referred to in Book II have already been listed. DEI ET DEAE book IV Atlas- p.215 l.247- god who supports heaven of his shoulders, grandfather of Mercury; a mountain of Northwest Africa Aurora – p.197 l.7- goddess of dawn Boreae – p.229 l.442 – north wind Cithaeron – p.219 l.302 – Greek mountain near Thebes, on which the rites of Bacchus were celebrated Cyllenius
p.216 l.252- the Cyllenean, Mt. Cyllene in Arcadia, birthplace of Mercury;
Dis – p.246 l.702 – another name for Pluto, god of the lower world Erebus - p.198 l.26- underworld, Hades Fama p.210 l.174- Rumor who spreads gossip around the city. In this instance she carries news of the love affair to Iarbas. Gryneus – p.222 l.345 – a town in Asia Minor, with an oracle to Apollo Hammon p.212 l.197- god of North Africa, famous for his oracle and identified by the Romans with Jupiter. Iris – p.246 l694 – goddess of the rainbow, messenger of Juno. In Greek mythology, Iris was the daughter of Thaumas and the ocean nymph Electra and one of the Oceanids (according to Hesiod), the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. As the rainbow unites Earth and heaven, Iris is the messenger of the gods to men Lenaeus p.213 l.207- Lenaean, Bacchic, of Bacchus, god of wine Lyaeus p.201 l.58- Bacchus, god of wine Mecurius p.214 l.222- messenger of the gods, god of commerce, and escort of departed souls to Hades Orcus- p.215 l.242- Hades, god of the lower world Orion - p.201 l.52- the storm-bringing constellation named for a famous hunter transported to heaven. who was killed by Dido and transformed into a constellation Proserpina – p246 l.698 – (Roman equivalent of Persephone) Pluto’s queen, goddess of the lower world; She was the daughter of Ceres and Jupiter, and was described as a very enchanting young girl. Venus, in order to bring love to Pluto, sent her son Amor to hit Pluto with one of his arrows. Proserpina was in Sicily, at the fountain of Aretusa near Enna, where she was playing with some nymphs and collecting flowers, when Pluto came out from the volcano Etna with four black horses. He abducted her in order to marry her and live with her in Hades, the Greek Hell, of which he was the ruler. Notably, Pluto was also her uncle, being Jupiter's (and Ceres's) brother. She is therefore Queen of the Underworld. Pudor - p. 198 l.27- Stygius – p.246 l.699 – of the Styx, a river in Hades Tartara – p.229 l.446 – the underworld, Hades Thyias – p.219 l.301 - Bacchante, a woman devotee of the worship of Bacchus Titan p.206 l.119- a god, the sun; Hyperion god of the sun and offspring of giant titans ORATIONES DEORUM
IV, l.93-104: Juno’s speech; Juno favors the
marriage, that she may turn Aeneas aside from Italy, and so agrees to help
Venus consummate the affair, promising to devise a suitable situation.
Juno offers to establish an eternal peace and proposes that herself and
Juno rule the combined nation of the Tryians and the Trojans together.
She also requests that Dido be allowed to marry Aeneas and that the
Tyrians be entrusted into Venus’s hands as a dowry. IV, l.107-114: Venus’ speech; Venus recognizes
Juno’s deceit and avoids agreeing to Juno’s terms by implying that it
wouldn’t be right for Juno to enact these terms without the consent or
involvement of Jupiter, Juno’s husband. IV, 1.115-127: Juno’s reply; Juno describes the way
in which Dido and Aeneas will be married.
She says that they will go into a cave after a storm interrupts
their hunting excursion. IV, l.223-237: Jupiter’s speech; Jupiter commands
Mercury to go to Aeneas and remind him of his high destiny(fata) and of
his duty to his son Ascanius. IV, l 265-276: Mercury, sent by Jupiter, goes to
Aeneas at Carthage. He relays
the commands of Jupiter and reminds Aeneas of his destiny and his
responsibility to Ascanius and the Trojans. IV, l 702-703: Iris, sent by Juno, releases Dido’s spirit from her burning body and takes a lock of hair as an offering to Pluto. Figures of Speech List book I
Line 4 = transferred epithet “memorem Junonis ob iram” Line 4 = synchysis “saevae memorem Junonis ob iram” Line 16-18 = anaphora “hic illius…fovetque.” Line 31 = alliteration “longe Latio” Line 32 = anastrophe “maria omnia circum” Line 50 = chiasmus “Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans” Line 51 = alliteration “feta furentibus” Line 55-56 = alliteration “magno cum murmure montis circum claustra” Line 55-56 = onomatopoeia “magno cum murmure montis circum claustra” Line 61 = alliteration “metuens molemque montis” Line 61 = hendiadys “metuens molemque montis” Line 69 = prolepsis “summerasque obrue puppis” Line 74 = chiasmus “meritis pro talibus annos” Line 75 = alliteration “pulchra …prole parentem” Line 78-80 = anaphora “Tu mihi…potentem.” Line 81 = alliteration “cavum conversa cuspide” Line 81 = onomatopoeia “cavum conversa cuspide” Line 82 = simile “ac venti velut agmine facto” Line 85 = polysyndeton “Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque…” Line 86 = alliteration “vastos volvunt” Line 86 = onomatopoeia “vastos volvunt” Line 103 = hyperbole “ad sidera” Line 104 = synecdoche “prora avertit” Line 106-107 = anaphora “Hi summo…harenis.” Line 116 = enjambement “in caput” Line 120 = anaphora “Jam validam…Achatae,” Line 121 = anaphora “et qua vectus… Aletes,” Line 123 = personification “inimicum imbrem” Line 124 = onomatopoeia “magno misceri murmure” Line 124 = alliteration “magno misceri murmure” Line 129 = hyperbole “caelique ruina” Line 132 = hyperbole “caelum terramque” Line 135 = aposiopesis “Quos ego- !” Line 135 = litotes “non simili poena” Line 148-153 = simile “Ac veluti…mulcet:” Line 152 = alliteration “arrectisque auribus” Line 157 = assonance “Aeneadae quae” Line 157 = ellipsis “proxima litora” Line 159-169 = ecphrasis “insula portum…morsu.” Line 161 = alliteration “sinus scindit sese” Line 168 = personification “fessas…navis” Line 177 = metonymy “Cererem” and “Cerealiaque” Line 184 = asyndeton “Navem in conspectus nullam, tris litore cervos” Line 200-201 = anaphora “Vos et…experti:” Line 209 = chiasmus “spem…simulate, permit altum” Line 215 = metonymy “Bacchi” Line 217 = synchysis “amissos longo socios sermone” Line 218 = anastrophe “spemque metumque inter” Line 218 = polysyndeton “spemque metumque” Line 224 = transferred epithet “mare vevilvolum” Line 229 = polysyndeton “hominumque deumque” Line 231-232 = anaphora “quid meus…potuere,” Line 233 = hyperbole “cunctus…terrarum…orbis” Line 245-246 = alliteration “murmure montis it mare” Line 260 = enjambement “maganimum Aenean” Line 264 = alliteration “mores, moenia” Line 265-266 = anaphora “tertia … ternaque” Line 271 = alliteration “multa vi muniet” Line 275 = synchysis “lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine” Line 283 = alliteration “lustris labentibus” Line 286 = synchysis “pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar” Line 291 = synchysis “Aspera positis saecula bellis” Line 293-294 = transferred epithet “dirae portae” Line 295 = alliteration “saeva sedens super” Line 301 = metaphor “remigio” Line 311 = transferred epithet “horrentibus umbris” Line 345-346 = metonymy “jugarat ominibus” Line 348-351 = anastrophe “inter Pygmalionem et Sychaeum” Line 354 = alliteration “modis miris” Line 387 = litotes “haud invisus” Line 399 = litotes “haud aliter” Line 399 = polysyndeton “puppesque … pubesque” Line 412 = temesis “circum fudit” Line 414 = alliteration “moliri moram” Line 421 = anaphora “Miratur … miratur” Line 426 = zeugma “jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum” Line 430-431 = simile “Qualis … labor” Line 447 = zeugma “donis opulentum et numine divae” Line 462 = alliteration “mentem mortalia” Line 468 = alliteration “instaret curru cristatus Achilles” Line 470 = alliteration “primo prodita” Line 471 = alliteration “caede cruentus” Line 486 = anaphora “ut, ut, ut” Line 506 = metonymy “saepta armis solioque” Figures of Speech – Book II Lines 19-20 =chiasmus “includunt…cavernas ingentis…complent” Line 23 =synecdoche “carinis” Line 26 =synchesis “omnis longo…Teucria luctu” Lines 29-30 =anaphora “hic…hic…hic…hic” Line 38 =assonance “aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras” =synchesis “terebrare cavas…temptare latebras” Line 49 =alliteration “Danaos et dona” Line 53 =synchesis “insonuere…gemitumque dedere cavernae” Line 56 =apostrophe “Trojaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta maneres” Line 199 =alliteration “majus miseris multoque” Lines 218-219 =tmesis “circum…dati” Line 223 =onomatopoeia “quails mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram” Line 224 =alliteration “incertam excussit cervice securim” Line 234 =chiasmus “Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus” Lines 241-242 =apostrophe “O patria, O divum domus Ilium et incluta bello moenia Dardanidum!” Lines 242-243 =anaphora “quater…quater” Lines 251-252 =polysyndeton “terramque polumque Myrmidonumque” Line 253 =synecdoche “artus” Line 257-259 =Hysteron Proteron “fatisque deum defenses iniquis inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim laxat claustra Sinon” Line 259 =zeugma “laxat” Line 273 =alliteration “pulvere perque pedes” Line 281 =anaphora “O lux Dardaniae, spes O fidissima Teucrum” =chiasmus “O lux…spes O” Lines283-284 =anaphora “post…post” Line 284 =polysyndeton “hominumque urbisque” Line 297 =synchesis “aeternumque adytis…penetralibus ignem” Line 471-475 = snake simile “qualis- trisculis Line 473 = synchisis “positis novus exuviis nitidusque” Line 490 = synchisis “tenent posit atque oscula figunt” Line 505 = enjambment “procubuere” Line 508 = transferred epithet “limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem” Line 516 = simile “praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae” Line 529 = chiasmus “ardens infesto vulnere Phyrrus” Line 530 = chiasmus “manu tenet et premit hasta” Line 530 = anaphora “jam jamque” Line 538 = enjambment “debita” Line 547 = hysteron proteron “ ‘referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis Pelidae genitori’” Line 561-562 = alliteration “vulnere vidi vitam” Line 740 = enjambment “incertum” Line 741-742 = timesis “prius…quam” Line 759 = enjambment “volvitur” Line 761 = asyndeton “porticibus vacuis Junonis asylo” Line 770 = assonance “iterumque iterumque vocavi” Line 770 = anaphora “iterumque iterumque” Line 779 = synchisis “ille sinit superi regnator Olympi” Line 783 = assonance “res laetae regnumque et regia conjunx” Line 792 = timesis “dare brachia circum”
Book
IV Figures of Speech Line
2 – Alliteration – vulnus…venis et caeco carpitur Line
3 – alliteration – viri virtus
Anaphora – multa multus Line
6 – alliteration – lustrabat lampade
Metonymy – Phoebea (metonymy for name of god) Line
7 – metonymy – Aurora Line
8 – litotes – male sana
Alliteration – sana sororem Line
9 – alliteration – soror…suspensam insomnia… quis novus…nostras
successit sedibus hospes Line
10 – chiasmus – novus hic
nostris successit sedibus hospes Line
15 – alliteration – mihi non animo fixum immotum Line
16 – alliteration – vinclo vellem Line
17 – alliteration – postquam primus Line
18 – metonymy – thalami taedae ( metonymy for marriage)
Chiasmus – pertaesum thalami taedae fuisset Line
23 – enjambement – impulit Line
24 – tmesis – prius…quam Line
26 – metaphor – erebo Line
27 – personification – pudor, quam te… Line
29 – alliteration – secum servetque sepulcro
Enjambement – abstulit Line
33 – anaphora – nec…nec
Alliteration – nec…natos…nec…noris Line
34 – alliteration – cinerem…credis curane Line
36 – anaphora – non…non Line
40 – anaphora – hinc…hinc Line
46 – synecdoche – carinas (uses hulls for ships) Line
52 – metonymy – Orion Line
65 – anaphora – quid…quid Line
66 – alliteration – mollis flamma medullas Line
67 – personification – vulnus vivit
Alliteration – vivit…vulnus Line
69 – simile – qualis conjecta cerva sagitta Line
72 – enjambement – nescius Line
73 – alliteration – haeret lateri letalis harundo Line
78 – anaphora – iterum…iterum Line
81 – alliteration – suadentque cadentia sidera somnos Line
83 – alliteration – absens absentem auditque
repetition - absens absentem
polysyndeton – auditque videtque line
90 – alliteration – persensit peste Line
95 – Chiasmus – divum si femina victa duorum
Alliteration – dolo divum…duorum Line
99 – alliteration – potius pacem aeternam pactosque Line
104 – Metonymy – dextrae
Synchesis – dotalis tuae tyrios dextrae Line
104 – interlocked word order – dotalisque tuae Tyrios permittere
dextrae Line
112 – chiasmus – misceri…populos aut foedera jungi Line
131 – alliteration – retia rara Line
132 – transferred epithet – odora Line
135 – alliteration – stat sonipes ac frena ferox
Assonance – spumantia mandit Line
137 – synchesis – Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo Line
138 – anaphora – ex auro … in aurum, aurea Line
140 – litotes – Nec non Line
141 – enjambement – incedunt Line
175 – chiasmus – mobilitate viget adquiret eundo Line
177 – hyperbole – caput inter nubile Line
178 – alliteration – terra parens ira inritata deorum Line
179 – chiasmus – extremam…Coeo Enceladoque sororem Line
180 – alliteration – progenuit pedibus celerem et pernicibus
Enjambement -- progbenuit Line
182 – anaphora - tot vigiles…tot linguae…tot subrigit auris Line
187 – anastrophe – turribus aut altis Line
229 – chiasmus – gravidam imperiis belloque frementem Line
237 – anaphora – Haec summa est, hic… Line
238 – alliteration – patris magni parere parabat Line
239 – alliteration – primum pedibus Line
255 – alliteration – piscosos scopulos Line
256 – litotes – haud aliter
Assonance
– aliter terra inter Line
260 – assonance – Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem Line
268 – anaphora – ipse … ipse Line
271 – assonance - teris otia terris Line
272 – synchesis – nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum Line
279 – assonance – At vero Aeneas aspectu Line
320 – anaphora – te propter…te propter Line
347 anaphora – hic amor, haec patria Line
369 – anaphora – Num…? Num…?
Num…? Line
375 – zeugma – amissam Line
398 – personification – uncta carina Line
399 – hendiadys – remos et robora Line
408 – apostrophe - Quis tibi tum, Dido… Line
412 – apostrophe – improbe Amor Line
428 – alliteration – dicta negat duras demittere Line
441 – simile – ac velut Line
447 – Chiasmus – adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus Line
660 – onomatopoeia – sic, sic Line
667 – onomatopoeia – ululatu Line
668 – personification – tecta fremunt Line
669 – simile – non aliter
Litotes – non aliter Line
670 – alliteration – flammaeque furentes Line
682 – polysyndeton - populumque patresque Sidonios urbemque tuam This beast was conquered by WBK, III, and WRP (not to be confused with WSP) Scansion 1
D/S/D/S/D/S
S/D/S/S/D/S (atque-altae elision and diphthong in moenia) 33. Tantae / molis e/rat Ro/manam / condere / gentem. S/D/S/S/D/S 36. cum Ju/no aeter/num ser/vans sub / pectore / vulnus S/S/S/S/D/S 37. Haec se/cum: “Me/ne incep/to de/sistere / victam S/S/S/D/S 55. Illi in/dignan/tes mag/no cum / murmure / montis S/S/S/S/D/S (Illi-indignantes elision) 59. quippe fe/rant rapi/di se/cum ver/rantque per / auras D/D/S/S/D/S 64. Ad quem / tum Ju/no supp/lex his / vocibus / usa est S/S/S/S/D/S (usa-est elision) 72. quarum / quae for/ma pul/cherrima / Deio/pea S/S/S/D/D/S 80. nimbo/rumque fa/cis tem/pesta/tumque po/tentem S/D/S/S/D/S 91. praese/temque ve/ris in/tentant / omnia / mortem S/D/S/S/D/S 92. Extem/plo Aene/ae sol/vunture / frigore / membra S/S/S/S/D/S (Extemplo-Aeneae elision) 118. Appa/ret ra/ri nan/tes in / gurgite / vasto S/S/S/S/D/S 159. Est in / seces/su lon/go locus: / insula / portum S/S/S/D/D/S 170. Huc sep/tem Aene/as col/lectis / navibus / omni S/S/S/S/D/S 207. Dura/te, et vos/met re/bus ser/vate se/cundis S/S/S/S/D/S 255. vultu, / quo cae/lum tem/pesta/tesque se/renat S/S/S/S/D/S 269. trigen/ta mag/nos vol/vendis / mensibus / orbis S/S/S/S/D/S 317. Harpaly/ce voluc/remque fu/ga prae/vertitur / Hebrum D/D/D/S/D/S (y as a vowel in Harpalyce) 342. amba/ges; sed / summa se/quar fas/tigia / rerum S/S/D/S/D/S 357. Tum cele/rare fu/gam patri/aque excedere su/adet D/D/D/S/D/S (patriaque-excedere elision) 419. Jamque as/cende/bant col/lem, qui / plurimus / urbi S/S/S/S/D/S 421. Mira/tur mo/lem Aene/as, ma/galia / quondam, S/S/S/S/D/S (molem-Aeneas elision) 448. Aerea / cui gradi/bus sur/gebant / limina ne/xaeque D/D/S/S/D/S (limina-nexaeque elision) Scansion for Book
II II.26
Ergo om/nis lon/go sol/vit se/ Teucria/ luctu;
“Therefore, all of Troy
freed itself from the long mourning.”
S/S/S/S/D/S Numerous
spondees emphasize Troy’s great sorrow. II.45
Aut hoc/ inclu/si lig/no occult/antur Ach/ivi,
“Either confined Greek men
are hidden in this timber,” S/S/S/S/D/S The
long marks stress the significance of this statement, as it is the true
hypothesis concerning the makeup of the horse. II.49
Quidquid id/ est time/o Dana/os et/ dona fe/rentis.
“Whatever it is, I fear the
Greeks, even when they bear gifts.”
D/D/D/S/D/S The shakiness of the line characterizes the fear in his
voice. II.51
in latus/ inque fe/ri cur/vam com/pagibus /alvum II.52
contor/sit. Stetit/
illa tre/mens, ute/roque re/cusso II.53
insonu/ere ca/vae gemi/tumque de/dere ca/vernae.
“he hurled [a spear] into
the side and belly of the beast, crooked with joints.
Quivering, it stuck, and the vaulted cavities echoed and
gave a groan, the womb having been struck.”
D/D/S/S/D/S The meter imitates the motion of the spear, as it moves
very
S/D/D/D/D/S quickly, stops, and trembles (though not in that order).
D/D/D/D/D/S Furthermore,
it is notable that the central line is symmetrical. II.202
sollem/nis tau/rum ingen/tem mac/tabat ad/ aras.
“he was sacrificing a huge bull to the customary altars.”
S/S/S/S/D/S The spondees illustrate the solemnity of the
scene. II.209
Fit soni/tus spu/mante sa/lo; jam/que arva te/nebant II.210
arden/tisque oc/ulos suf/fecti/ sanguine et/ igni II.211
sibila/ lambe/bant lin/guis vib/rantibus/ ora.
“A crash arises with the
foaming sea; and already the fields hold
their burning eyes, suffused with blood and passion, and
they lick the hissing shores with quivering tongues.”
D/S/D/S/D/S Once again, the metrical layout symbolizes the text.
The first line
S/D/S/S/D/S signifies the quivering tongues, the middle line is
symmetrical, and
D/S/S/S/D/S the last line suggests the loud crashing of a wave. II.233
“numina/ concla/mant.”
“they shout that the divine
power [must be beseeched]”
D/S/? One
of the few unfinished lines in the Aeneid. II.277
squalen/tem bar/bam et con/cretos/ sanguine/ crinis
“[wearing] a filthy beard
and his hair matted with blood”
S/S/S/S/D/S The long vowels denote the seriousness of his
appearance. II.498
fertur in/ arva fu/rens cumu/lo cam/posque per/ omnis
“it is borne, raging into a
field with a heap through all the plains”
D/D/D/S/D/S The quickness of the line matches the speed of the river. II.514
incum/bens a/rae atque um/bra com/plexa pen/atis.
“leaning on the altar and
having embraced the household gods with its shade.” S/S/S/S/D/S Spondees
and two elisions imply the heavy weight of the tree and its significance
to the hallowed ground. II.559
At me/ tum pri/ mum sae/vus cir/cumstetit/ horror.
“But then, a cruel horror
surrounded me at first.”
S/S/S/S/D/S The multiple long vowels reiterate the
gravity of the realization. II.745
Quem non/ incu/savi a/mens homi/numque de/orumque
“Insane, whom of men or
gods did I not blame”
S/S/S/D/D/S A passionate, hypermetric line with an added elision in the
middle. II.770
nequi/quam ingemi/nans ite/rumque ite/rumque vo/cavi.
“I called [for her] again
and again, repeating in vain.”
S/D/D/D/D/S The placement of the feet emphasize the repetitition of the sentence,
as iterumque is broken up in the same place both times. II.783
illic/ res lae/tae reg/numque et/ regia/ conjunx
“there, happy things [are
acquired], a kingdom and royal wife”
S/S/S/S/D/S Spondees
accentuate the magnitude of this waiting destiny. II.790
Haec ubi/ dicta de/dit lacri/mantem et/ multa vo/lentem “When she gave these words, [she deserted]
me, crying and wishing to say much.” D/D/D/S/D/S
Short vowels demonstrate the speed with which she disappeared. -Book
II by Walter (and Rob) Book IV Scansion by Grayson and Peter IV. 16.
ne cui / me vin/clo vel/lem soci/are ju/gali SSSDDS The dactyl in foot 4 is a
break from spondees. This relates to the break in Dido’s dedication to
her husband. IV. 65-66. Heu, va/tum igna/rae men/tes! Quid / vota fu/rentum,
Quid de/lubra ju/vant? Est / mollis / flamma me/dullas SSSSDS SDSSDS
The use of spondees emphasizes the end of Dido’s speech. IV. 180.
progenu/it pedi/bus cele/rem et per/nicibus / alis, DDDSDS
The use of dactyls speeds up the line like the swiftness of feet. IV. 260.
Aene/an fun/dantem ar/ces ac / tecta no/vantem SSSSDS
All spondees give the line a smooth feel. IV. 267
exstruis? / Heu, reg/ni re/rumque ob/lite tu/arum! DSSSDS
The division in the fourth foot is right on oblite (forget). IV. 279
At ve/ro Aene/as as/pectu ob/mutuit / amens, SSSSDS
The use of all spondees stresses Aeneas’s emotions. IV. 397-398 Tum ve/ro Teu/cri incum/bunt et / litore / celsas
Deducu/nt to/to na/vis. Natat / uncta ca/rina, SSSSDS SSSDDS
The use of spondees stresses the departure of the Trojans. IV. 404-405 it nig/rum cam/pis ag/men prae/damque per / herbas
Convec/tant cal/le angus/to: pars / grandia / trudunt SSSSDS SSSSDS
The spondees give the ants great size and majesty. IV. 690-692 Ter se/se attol/lens cubi/toque ad/nixa le/vavit, ter revo/luta to/ro est ocu/lisque er/rantibus / alto
quaesi/vit cae/lo lu/cem ingemu/itque re/perta. SSDSDS DDDSDS SSSDDS
Weapons Terminology (1) Acies, ei (f)- ln. 489- edge, battle line, army Agmen, agminis (n)- ln. 82- battle line Arcus, us (m)- ln. 187- bow Arma, ae (f)- ln. 1- weapon Bellum, i, (n)- ln. 14- war Biremis, is (f)- ln. 182- bireme, galley Classis, is (f)- fleet, army, ship Claustrum, i (n)- ln. 56- bar, bolt Currus, us (m)- ln. 17- chariot, car Cuspis, cuspidis (f)- ln. 81- point, spear Ferrum, i (n)- ln. 293 – iron, sword Galea, ae (f)- ln. 101- helmet Hasta, ae (f)- ln. 478- spear Hastile, is (n)- ln. 313- spear(-shaft), lance Lorum, i (n)- ln. 156- rein, thong Navis, is (f)- ship, boat, vessel, galley Ordo, inis (m)- ln. 456- order, line, array Pelta, ae (f)- ln. 490- light shield Pharetra, ae (f)- ln. 336- quiver Pugna, ae (f)- ln. 456- battle Puppis, is (f)- stern, ship, vessel galley Ratis, is (f)- ln. 43- raft, ship Rota, ae (f)-ln. 147- wheel, chariot Sagitta, ae (f)- ln. 187- arrow Sceptrum, i (n)- ln. 57- scepter, staff, power Scutum, i (n)- ln. 101- shield Tellum, i (n)- weapon, wound, blow Tridens, entis (m)- ln. 138- trident Natural Phenomena Aer, aeris (m)- ln. 300- air, mist, fog Aestus, us (m)- ln. 107- boiling (surge), tide Aether, eris (m)- ln. 90- upper air, sky, ether Aequor, oris (n)- sea, waves (level) plain Africus, i (m)- ln. 86- southwest wind Altum, i (n)- ln. 3- deep sea, heaven Antrum, i (n)- ln. 52- cave, cavern Aqua, ae (f)- ln. 105- water Aquilo, onis (m) ln. 102- north wind Aura, ae (f)- ln. 59- breeze, sky, heavens Auster, tri (m)- ln. 51- south wind Eurus, i (m)- ln. 85- east wind Fluctus, us (m)- wave, tide, flood, sea Fons, fontis (m)- ln. 244- fountain, source Fulmen, inis (n)- ln. 230- thunderbolt, lightning Gurges, it is (m) –ln. 118- abyss, gulf, whirlpool Hiems, emis (f)- ln. 122- winter, storm Imber, bris (m)- ln. 123- rain, flood, water Insula, ae (f)- ln. 159- island Jovis ignis, is (m)- ln. 43- thunderbolt, lightning Limen, liminis (n)- ln. 389- threshold, doorway, entrance, palace Mare, is (n)- sea Nebula, ae (f)-ln. 412- cloud, mist, fog Nemus, oris (n)- ln. 191- (sacred) grove, forest Nimbus, i (m)- ln. 51- storm cloud, rainstorm Notus, i (m)- ln. 85- south wind Nubes, is (f)- ln. 42- cloud, mist, fog Oceanus, i (m)- ln. 287- ocean Pelagus, i (n)- sea, flood, waves Polus, i (m)- ln. 90- pole, sky, heaven Pontus, i (m)- ln. 40- sea Procella, ae (f)- ln. 102- blast, gale Sal, salis (n)- ln. 35- salt water, sea Scopulus, i (m)- ln. 45- crag, rock, cliff Sinus, us (m)- ln. 161- fold, gulf, bay Spelunca, ae (f)- ln. 60- cave, cavern Stagnum, i (n)- ln. 126- still waters, depth Tempestas, atis (f)- ln. 53- tempest, storm Turbo, inis (m)- ln. 45- whirl(wind, pool), storm Unda, ae (f)- wave, billow, water, sea Vadum, i (n)- ln. 112- shallow, shoal, depths Ventus, I (m)- wind, breeze, blast, air Zephyrus, i (m)- ln. 131- west wind Weapons Terminology 2
Aenus, a, um-ln 470- bronze, brazen Aeratus, a, um-ln 481- bronze, brazen Aes, aeris (n)-ln 545- bronze Agitator, agitatoris (m)-ln 476- driver, charioteer Aries, arietis (m)-ln 492- battering ram Armiger, armegeri (m)- ln 477- armor bearer, squire Armo, armare, armavi, armato- ln 20- to arm, equip, furnish Bigae, bigarum (f)- ln 272- two-horse chariot Bipennis, bipennis (f)- ln 479- double ax Cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus- ln 749- gird, encircle Classis, classis, (f)-ln 30- fleet Clipeus, clipeui (m)- ln 227- shield Custos, custodis (m) (f)- ln 492- guardian, sentinel Defensor, defensoris (m)-ln 521- defender, protector Ensis, ensis (m)- ln 553- sword, knife Funis, funis, (m) ln 239- rope, cable Janua, ae (f)- ln. 493- door, gate, entrance Machina, ae (f)- ln.237- machine, engine, device Manus, ûs (f)- ln.29- band, troop Moenia, ium (n)- ln. 234- walls, city, structures Murus, i (m)- ln. 234- (city) wall, rampart Phalanx, angis (f)- ln. 254- phalanx, troop Porta, ae (f)- ln. 242-gate, entrance, exit, portal Securis, is (f)- ln. 224- ax Terebro (1)- ln. 38- bore into, pierce Umbo, onis (m)- ln. 546- boss, knob, shield Vigil, ilis (m/f)- ln. 265- guard, watchman, sentinel Nature 2Abies, abietis (f)- ln 16- fir, pine Agger, aggeris (m)- ln 496- mound, heap, dike, dam Alvus, alvi (f)- ln 51- belly, body Draco, draconis (m)- ln- 225- dragon, serpent Equus, equi (m)- ln 15- horse Caverna. cavernae (f)- ln 19- hollow, cavity, cavern Columba, columba (f)-ln 516- dove, pidgeon Ferus, feri (m)-ln 51- beast, monster, horse Fetus, a, um-ln 238- teeming, pregnant, filled Frons, fondis (f)-ln 249- branch, foliage Gramen, graminis (n)- ln 471- grass, herb, plant Imago, inis (f)- ln. 560- image, picture, likeness Laurus, i (f)- ln. 513- laurel (tree) Lignum, i (n)- ln. 45- wood, timber Litus, oris (n)- ln.28- shore, strand, coast, beach Lucifer, eri (m)- ln. 801- morning star, light-bringer Luna, ae (f)- ln. 255- moon, moonlight Pineus, a, um- ln. 258- of pine Robur, oris (n)- ln. 230- oak, strength Serpens, entis (m/f)- ln.214- serpent, snake Simulacrum, i (n)- ln. 517- image, statue, likeness Spumeus, a, um- ln. 496- foamy, frothy Spumo (1)- ln. 209- foam, froth, spray Taurus, i (m)- ln. 202- bull, bullock, ox Trabs, is (f)- ln. 481- beam, timber Uterus, i (m)- ln. 20- belly, womb Venenum, i (n)- ln. 221- poison, venom, drug Weapons Terminology and Special Phenomena (Book IV) 27 pudor- shame,
modesty, honor 57 bidens- two year
old sheep, with two teeth 59 vincla iugalia-
marriage bonds 63 pecus- animal,
flock 69 cerva- deer, doe 87 propugnacula-
rampart, battlement 89 machina-
machine, engine, device 99 hymenaeus-
wedding (hymn), Hymen 103 auspicium-
auspices, power 131 venabulum &
rete- hunting spear & net, snare, toil 135 frenum- bridle,
bit, curb 166 pronuba- matron
of honor, bride woman 172 coniugium-
marriage, wedlock 201 cruor- blood,
gore 203 rumor- rumor,
report, gossip 223 penna- wing,
feather 239 talaria- winged
sandals, anklets 262 murex- purple
dye, crimson, scarlet 301 bacchor- to
rush wildly, rave 303 orgia- orgy,
mystic rites 341 spons- desire,
wish, will 350 fas est- it is
right, justice, divine law 357 caput (as
represents a person)- head, person 337 pro re- in
defense of my course 356 interpres-
agent, interpreter 376 augur- prophet,
augur 402 formica- ant 441 quercus- oak 646 ensis- sword,
knife
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